The authoritative document is open access and available online at https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218231186609

Van Kessel, K., Ashburner, M., & Risko, E. F. (2024). Dissociations between Data-Driven and Goal-Driven Effort Reports: Performance, Metacognition, and Affect. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 77(5), 983-993.

The data and preregistration from this experiment are publicly available at the Open Science Framework website: https://osf.io/peqyd

The final version of this manuscript is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2024.2319363

Lu, X., Zhu, M. J. H., & Risko, E. F. (2024). Semantic partitioning facilitates memory for object location through category-partition cueing. Memory, 32(3), 339-357. [PDF]

All data and analysis code are available at https://osf.io/68d2g/.

The final version of this manuscript is available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-023-01889-7

Lu, X., Zhu, M. J. H., & Risko, E. F. (2024). Semantic relatedness can impair memory for item locations. Psychological Research, 88(3), 861-879. [PDF]

All data and analysis code are available at https://osf.io/8xf6a/.

The authoritative document is open access and available at  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112570

Littrell, S., Fugelsang, J. A., & Risko, E. F. (2024). The metacognitive abilities of narcissists: Individual differences between grandiose and vulnerable subtypes. Personality and Individual Differences, 221, 112570. 

All data files, materials, and pre-registration information for the study can be found here: https://osf.io/a3nwr/

The final version of this manuscript is available online at https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000600

Kelly, M. O., Lu, X., Ensor, T. M., MacLeod, C. M., & Risko, E. F. (2024). Productions need not match study items to confer a production advantage, but it helps. Experimental Psychology, 71(1), 2-13. [PDF].

The final version of this manuscript is available online at https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-023-02360-9

Kelly, M. O., Ensor, T. M., MacLeod, C. M., & Risko, E. F. (2024). The prod eff: Partially producing items moderates the production effect. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 31(1), 373-379. [PDF].

All the data and analyses code are available via the Open Science Framework at: https://osf.io/rsgpe. The preregistrations of Experiments 1a, 1b, and 2 are available here, respectively: https://osf.io/k3h8j, https://osf.io/g2jpd, and  https://osf.io/evm56.

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published by Taylor & Francis in the Journal of Experimental Education. The authoritative document is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2024.2306399

Tran, S., Bianchi, L. J., & Risko, E. F. (2024). Examining Increasing Playback Speed in Recorded Lectures on Memory, Attention, and Experience. The Journal of Experimental Education, 1-19. [PDF].

All data and pre-registration can be accessed at https://osf.io/h4b7g

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published by American Psychology Association in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. The authoritative document is available online at https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000494

Risko, E. F., Liu, J., & Bianchi, L. (2024). Speeding lectures to make time for retrieval practice: Can we improve the efficiency of interpolated testing?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 30(2), 268-281. [PDF].

Data, preregistrations, and analysis code for the reported analyses are available [E1 preregistration: https://osf.io/m8zc9; data and analysis code: https://osf.io/hmjta; Liu et al., 2023; E2 preregistration: https://osf.io/c785z; data and analysis code: https://osf.io/254pt; Lab, 2023].

The authoritative document is open access and available online at https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218231156712

Stewart, K. M., Risko, E. F., & Fugelsang, J. (2023). Response generation, not response execution, influences feelings of rightness in reasoning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76(10), 2379-2389. 

All data, preregistrations, scripts, and materials can be found at https://osf.io/f48az/

The authoritative document is open access and available online at https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.4102

Risko, E. F., & Kelly, M. O. (2023). Thinking in the digital age: Everyday cognition and the dawn of a new age of metacognition research. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 37(4), 785-788. 

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Memory. The authoritative document is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2021.1990347

Pereira, A. E., Kelly, M. O., Lu, X., & Risko, E. F. (2022). On our susceptibility to external memory store manipulation: examining the influence of perceived reliability and expected access to an external store. Memory, 30(4), 412-428. [PDF].

The preregistrations for these experiments can be found on the Open Science Framework (Experiment 1: https://osf.io/cm9fq; Experiment 2: https://osf.io/3v7j2; and Experiment 3: https://osf.io/5uayq/).

Data and materials are available on the Open Science Framework for Experiment 1 (https://osf.io/xzw4t/), Experiment 2 (https://osf.io/xzw4t/), and Experiment 3 (https://osf.io/5uayq/).

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Memory. The authoritative document is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2021.1989465

Lu, X., Kelly, M. O., & Risko, E. F. (2022). The gist of it: offloading memory does not reduce the benefit of list categorisation. Memory, 30(4), 396-411. [PDF].

The preregistration for these experiments can be found on the Open Science Framework (Experiment 1a: https://osf.io/rhgfb; Experiment 1b: https://osf.io/u52gp; Experiment 1c: https://osf.io/udfpw; Experiment 2a: https://osf.io/p27d8; Experiment 2b: https://osf.io/nsw8r; Experiment 3: https://osf.io/qz4ad). Data and analysis code are available at https://osf.io/nwpx3/files (1a); https://osf.io/5c6qt/files (1b); http://osf.io/hdrz7/files (1c); https://osf.io/65znp/files (2a); https://osf.io/qjmwn/files (2b); http://osf.io/3g7tq/files (3).

The authoritative document is open access and available online at https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500009475

Mandel, D. R., Collins, R. N., Walker, A. C., Fugelsang, J. A., & Risko, E. F. (2022). Hypothesized drivers of the bias blind spot—cognitive sophistication, introspection bias, and conversational processes. Judgment and Decision Making, 17(6), 1392-1421.

Data and supplementary materials are available via the Open Science Foundation at https://osf.io/dzkxy/. 

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published by Elsevier in Cognition. The authoritative document is available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105228

Kelly, M. O., & Risko, E. F. (2022). Study effort and the memory cost of external store availability. Cognition, 228, 105228. [PDF].

Experiments 1a and 1b were preregistered on the Open Science Framework at osf.io/smk8n and osf.io/84cgk respectively. Data and analyses codes for both experiments are available at osf.io/8s75w/.

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published by American Psychology Association in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. The authoritative document is available online at https://doi.org /10.1037/xhp0001026

Ashburner, M., & Risko, E. F. (2022). On the influence of evaluation context on judgments of effort. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 48(8), 790-811. [PDF].

This study was preregistered; the preregistrations, data, analysis scripts; and registration summary are available on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/s478n/. 

The authoritative document is open access and available online at https://doi.org /10.3758/s13423-022-02064-6

Park, J. S., Kelly, M. O., Hargis, M. B., & Risko, E. F. (2022). The effect of external store reliance on actual and predicted value-directed remembering. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 29(4), 1367- 1376.

The data and materials for all experiments are available on the Open Science Frameworkat osf.io/2wke5/ and all experiments were pre-registered (E1a: osf.io/92a4s, E1b: osf.io/vcwu6, E2: osf.io/3aemx).

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published by Springer in Memory & Cognition. The authoritative document is available online at https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-021-01237-3

Kelly, M. O., & Risko, E. F. (2022). Revisiting the influence of offloading memory on free recall. Memory & Cognition, 50(4), 710-721. [PDF].


The preregistration for this investigation is available on the Open Science Framework at osf.io/59g3y and the data and materials are available at osf.io/e5wrh.

The authoritative document is open access and available online at https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218211040724

Zhu, M. J., & Risko, E. F. (2022). To organise or not to organise? Understanding search strategy preferences using Lego building blocks. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 75(5), 869–891. 

The data and R scripts for these experiments have been made available on the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/n7s23/files/).

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published by Elsevier in the Journal of Memory and Language. The authoritative document is available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2021.104299

Kelly, M. O., Ensor, T. M., Lu, X., MacLeod, C. M., & Risko, E. F. (2022). Reducing retrieval time modulates the production effect: Empirical evidence and computational accounts. Journal of Memory and Language, 123, 104299. [PDF].

Experiment 1 was preregistered at osf.io/kwzj3/. Experiment 2 was preregistered at osf.io/xt84h/. Experiment 3 was preregistered at osf.io/k8nqt/. Data and analyses code for Experiment 1-3 are available at osf.io/un5ca/.

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published by Taylor & Francis in the Journal of Experimental Education. The authoritative document is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2021.1873087

Bianchi, L. J., & Risko, E. F. (2022). The role of graphics in video lectures. The Journal of Experimental Education, 90(1), 56-76. [PDF].

OSF Link: https://osf.io/3q8wa/

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published by Wiley in the British Journal of Social Psychology. The authoritative document is available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12447 

Littrell, S., Risko, E. F., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2021). 'You can’t bullshit a bullshitter' (or can you?): Bullshitting frequency predicts receptivity to various types of misleading information. British Journal of Social Psychology, 60(4), 1484-1505. [PDF]

OSF Link: https://osf.io/chpvm/

The authoritative document is open access and available online at https://doi.org/10.1037/tmb0000039

Dunn, T. L., Gaspar, C., McLean, D., Koehler, D. J., & Risko, E. F. (2021). Distributed metacognition: Increased bias and deficits in metacognitive sensitivity when retrieving information from the internet. Technology, Mind, and Behavior, 2(3).

Link to article on Journal's website: https://tmb.apaopen.org/pub/distributed-metacognition/release/1

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published by Wiley in Applied Cognitive Psychology. The authoritative document is available online at https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3827

Zhu, M. J. H., & Risko, E. F. (2021). That's my spot! Examining spatial habit formation in a naturalistic setting. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(4), 1090-1098. [PDF].

The authoritative document is open access and available online at https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218211005759

Ashburner, M., & Risko, E. F. (2021). Judgements of effort as a function of post-trial versus post-task elicitation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74(6), 991-1006. 

OSF Link: https://osf.io/tgx85/


Preregistrations: https://osf.io/zn4mr

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published by Wiley in the British Journal of Social Psychology. The authoritative document is available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12379

Littrell, S., Risko, E. F., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2020). The Bullshitting Frequency Scale: Development and Psychometric Properties. British Journal of Social Psychology, 60(1), 248-270. [PDF].

OSF Link: https://osf.io/dh6vj/#!

The authoritative document is open access and available at https://cognitiveresearchjournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41235-020-00242-5

Bianchi, L. J., Kingstone, A.,& Risko, E. F. (2020). The role of cognitive load in modulating social looking: A mobile eye tracking study. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 5, 44. 

OSF Link: https://osf.io/c2hd8/ 

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published by Elsevier in Personality and Individual Differences. The authoritative document is available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109678

Littrell, S., Fugelsang, J., &Risko, E. F. (2020). Not so fast: Individual differences in impulsiveness are only a modest predictor of cognitive reflection. Personality and Individual Differences, 154, 109678. [PDF]

OSF Link: https://osf.io/2v4ym/

Preregistrations: https://osf.io/m2e4t

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published by Elsevier in Cognition. The authoritative document is available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104428

Lu, X., Kelly, M. O, & Risko, E. F. (2020). Offloading information to an external store increases false recall. Cognition, 205, 104428. [PDF].


OSF Links: https://osf.io/bqwyc/ and https://osf.io/rn5wq/ and https://osf.io/tserw/


Preregistrations: https://osf.io/pcdtg and https://osf.io/gdjc2 and https://osf.io/x56hg

This is apost-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Thinking and Reasoning. The authoritative document is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2019.1633404

Littrell, S., Fugelsang, J., & Risko, E. F. (2020). Overconfidently underthinking: Narcissism negatively predicts cognitive reflection. Thinking & Reasoning, 26(3), 352-380. [PDF]

OSF Link: https://osf.io/s42z5/

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published by Elsevier in the Journal of Applied
Research in Memory and Cognition. The authoritative document is available online at https://doi.org/10.1037/h0101842

Kelly, M. O., & Risko, E. F. (2019). The isolation effect when offloading memory. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 8(4), 471- 480. [PDF]

OSF Link: https://osf.io/e5wrh/

Preregistrations: https://osf.io/dcwmu, https://osf.io/5r3ap

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published by Elsevier in Cognition. The authoritative document is available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.04.023

Risko, E. F., Kelly, M. O., Patel, P., & Gaspar, C. (2019). Offloading memory leaves us vulnerable to memory manipulation. Cognition, 191, 103954. [PDF].

OSF Link: https://osf.io/3ce6u/

Preregistrations: https://osf.io/v8bzr, https://osf.io/pu25h

 The authoritative document is open access and available at https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01615-8

Kelly, M. O., & Risko, E. F. (2019). Offloading memory: Serial position effects. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 26(4), 1347-1353. 

OSF Link: https://osf.io/zjh25/

Preregistrations: https://osf.io/qwcxh, https://osf.io/2z6gt

Click here to access an audio recording of this manuscript.

The final version of this manuscript is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-017-0943-x

Dunn, T. L., Inzlicht, M., & Risko, E. F. (2019). Anticipating cognitive effort: roles of perceived error-likelihood and time demands. Psychological Research, 83, 1033-1056. [PDF].

The final version of this manuscript is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102863

Dunn, T. L., & Risko, E. F. (2019). Understanding the cognitive miser: Cue-utilization in effort-based decision making. Acta Psychologica, 198, 102863.[PDF]

The final version of this manuscript is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.12.006

Risko, E. F. (2019). Examining the Implications of Internet Usage for Memory and Cognition: Prospects and Promise. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 8(1), 36-39. [PDF].

The final version of this manuscript is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.05.011

Dunn, T. L., Gaspar, C., & Risko, E. F. (2019). Cue awareness in avoiding effortful control. Neuropsychologia, 123, 77-91. [PDF]

The authoritative document is open access and available online at https://jnc.psychopen.eu/index.php/jnc/article/view/5873 

Maloney, E. A., Barr, N., Risko, E. F., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2019). Verbal Working Memory Load Dissociates Common Indices of the Numerical Distance Effect: Implications for the Study of Numerical Cognition. Journal of Numerical Cognition, 5(3), 337-357. [PDF]

The final version of this manuscript is available online at: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-65290-002

Lavigne, E., & Risko, E. F. (2018). Optimizing the use of interpolated tests: The influence of interpolated test lag. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology, 4(4), 211.[PDF]